A battery is a device that uses chemical means to store electrical energy and can be found in any number of shapes, sizes, voltages and capacities.
When two materials (usually different) are immersed in a solution (electrolyte) that conduct electricity between "courses" causing an electrical potential. The value of the potential (or voltage) depends on the materials of the plate and the electrolyte used. Examples include lead acid, cadmium, nickel, lithium, alkaline silver.
Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
Ni-Cd batteries are rarely used in modern applications of UPS, due to its high cost and the impact that the content of cadmium in the environment. When you are almost always used in applications that require batteries to operate in extreme temperature conditions or when working life of more than 20 years are essential.
Due to the relative rarity of Ni-Cad batteries in UPS applications of this book deals only with the lead acid battery as this type of battery is best suited for general UPS in the United Kingdom.
Centralized and Decentralized Systems
A parallel UPS system modules include UPS or share common components with other modules (centralized system) UPS or completely independent of other modules in the UPS moduls (decentralized systems) .
A UPS system UPS modules in parallel which operate using general and sharing of common components is a "centralized" and described as owners of a parallel architecture CENTRAL (CPA). The main advantage of CPA systems is the reduction in the cost of more expensive components, such as those used in the circuits of the control module and static switches, for example, can be used by all modules in the system while , thus negating the need for each module has its control circuits and static switch. The major drawback of the CPA system is the centralized nature of the control electronics and power switching components that introduce a series of common points of failure "that adversely affects the availability of the system.
A parallel UPS system UPS modules which do not share common components of the centralized systems are described as a parallel architecture (DPA).
The primary main advantage of DPA systems is high availability, and that indeed no common failure points in the system. The major drawback of DPA systems is the cost of each module in the UPS system and each has its own control circuit and its own power electronics, as well as a standalone switch to static UPS module
Centralized Systems
This type of parallel system configuration has all the UPS power modules of the critical load through a single centralized static Interreuptor (CSS). Sometimes, in the CSS are integrated into the cabinet housing the various modules of UPS. This is often the case with a small single phase and three phase UPS systems. For large three-phase systems, CSS is almost always located in a separate enclosure.
In a backup power system with three modules working in parallel with a centralized CSS Static Switch which is connected between the output of UPS and the critical load. The total capacity of the system depends on the individual capabilities of the modules and the number of modules used. Additional modules can be added to the system to meet future expansion whenever the load capacity does not exceed the combined module of CSS, which acts as a common point for all the sistema.En this case the internal static switch effectively becomes in a very fast static isolator to ensure the isolation of a defective UPS CSS, which provides central control of all system timing and charge transfer functions.
UPS Modules Parallel Decentralized system are virtually identical to a UPS
"Stand alone" (not modular) and as previously mentioned, some manufacturers design their
UPS to be used in any configuration without modification.
The decentralized parallel UPS systems always have a master module which
Other modules of the system will be slaves. If ever the master module fails or is isolated
maintenance, the next module UPS system (called a slave) immediately
Modules take the role of teacher and teacher called modules fail.
Decentralized Static Switch
In a decentralized system all UPS modules have their own static bypass switch
which is rated for the total load capacity (plus overhead)
the UPS modules.
This means that there is more of a static switch in the system, far more than the only
static switch from a centralized system.
As the centralized system that offers three possible paths to the critical load:
Output UPS Inverter
extra food through the Static Bypass Switch
Power through the maintenance bypass
During normal operation all modules are online UPS and the UPS inverters
They are feeding the load through its internal static bypass. All investors are
Synchronized with each other and with the main power (when present) and
equally share the load.
If a UPS module develops a fault then this will automatically self-isolated from the load
criticized for inhibiting operation of the static switch inverter side (see Operation
Static Switch). The critical load may continue to be supported from available modules
Provided it does not exceed the available capacity of the system.
If the critical load is too big to handle for the rest of the modules, all modules
(Including the module to fail) will transfer the critical load to the main waiting through
internal static switch. If the system is synchronized transfer will be free of cuts
and allows to reach the side of the bypass operation, inhibiting the operation of the inverter side
each static switch in each module. If the system is not synchronized UPS modules
Allow any transfer takes effect and try to keep the overload
as long as possible before shutting down for protection.
Conclusion
Originally centralized parallel systems were the only available type of parallel system
given the complexity of signal processing and data required to control
Indeed a decentralized system.
The need to separate the CSS cabinet makes a typical parallel system is physically
Very large, more complicated to install and more expensive than its counterpart decentralized. When
This is coupled with the fact that the static switch and system components
CSS control are provided with some failure points to the critical load, it is clear
to see why the decentralized parallel systems are now the most popular choice.
An argument that sometimes supports centralized parallel system is the lack of capacity
CSS (Central Static Switch). However modern systems incorporate decentralized
an internal static bypass switch able to match the lack of compensation
Ability CSS.
Demonstrative Institutional
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